Salivary Hormones Leptin, Ghrelin, Glucagon, and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Their Relation to Sweet Taste Perception in Diabetic Patients.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common diseases worldwide. DM may disrupt hormone regulation. Metabolic hormones, leptin, ghrelin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide 1, are produced by the salivary glands and taste cells. These salivary hormones are expressed at different levels in diabetic patients compared to control group and may cause differences in the perception of sweetness. This study is aimed at assessing the concentrations of salivary hormones leptin, ghrelin, glucagon, and GLP-1 and their correlations with sweet taste perception (including thresholds and preferences) in patients with DM. A total of 155 participants were divided into three groups: controlled DM, uncontrolled DM, and control groups. Saliva samples were collected to determine salivary hormone concentrations by ELISA kits. Varying sucrose concentrations (0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mol/l) were used to assess sweetness thresholds and preferences. Results showed a significant increase in salivary leptin concentrations in the controlled DM and uncontrolled DM compared to the control group. In contrast, salivary ghrelin and GLP-1 concentrations were significantly lower in the uncontrolled DM group than in the control group. In general, HbA1c was positively correlated with salivary leptin concentrations and negatively correlated with salivary ghrelin concentrations. Additionally, in both the controlled and uncontrolled DM groups, salivary leptin was negatively correlated with the perception of sweetness. Salivary glucagon concentrations were negatively correlated with sweet taste preferences in both controlled and uncontrolled DM. In conclusion, the salivary hormones leptin, ghrelin, and GLP-1 are produced either higher or lower in patients with diabetes compared to the control group. In addition, salivary leptin and glucagon are inversely associated with sweet taste preference in diabetic patients.

Current Trends in Irrigation Solution and Adjunct Use During Endodontic Therapy Among Dental Professionals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction  Chemical irrigation is a crucial component of endodontic therapy, and irrigation adjuncts increase the efficiency of non-surgical root canal system disinfection, reduce microbial loads, and enhance the penetration of irrigants throughout the root canal system. This study aimed to determine the current trends in chemical irrigation and its adjunct use during root canal therapy by general dental practitioners (GDPs) and endodontic specialists in both government and private sectors in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods This cross-sectional study used a self-administered survey sent to GDPs and endodontic specialists in both government and private sectors in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Responses were accepted from November 2019 till May 2020. The survey was randomly distributed to consenting participants. The results are presented using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 302 participants responded to the survey, with a 44% response rate. The majority of responses were from GDPs (54%), while 46% were from endodontic specialists. Regarding the workplace, 59% of respondents were public sector professionals, 25% were private sector professionals, and 16% were both public and private sector professionals. Around 30% of the respondents used sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) as their primary irrigation solution during root canal treatment, with 52% using it at its full-strength concentration and 18% and 17% preferring to use it in combination with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) only or EDTA and saline, respectively. When asked to rank the reasons for choosing their irrigant of choice during therapy; antibacterial capability and tissue dissolution were the most crucial factors to 80% and 57% of participants, respectively. Half of the respondents irrigated the canal to 2 mm from the apex and 21% irrigated to 1 mm from the apex. Three-quarters of participants aimed to remove the smear layer during root canal treatment. Only 47% of respondents used adjuncts to irrigation, and 71% reported that their choice of irrigation solution would differ depending on whether the apex is open or closed. Conclusion Most respondents used full-strength NaOCI concentration as the main irrigation solution and routinely removed the smear layer during root canal treatment. Only 47% of respondents used irrigation adjuncts such as ultrasonics.